Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 36 by Grégorio Crini & Eric Lichtfouse

Author:Grégorio Crini & Eric Lichtfouse
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030165819
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

6.5.10 Parenteral Drug Delivery

Unlike other routes, parenteral route is considered as invasive way of administering the drugs in the form of injectables implant infusion into blood vessel, tissue space or body compartments. The common sites of parenteral routs includes intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and intra-arterial, intratheal (Ahmed and Aljaeid 2016). Generally, implants administered by IM and SC route and colloidal systems containing nanoparticles are injected into IV route. But the biggest challenge for the injected nanoparticles is to bypass phagocytosis by macrophages in the systemic circulation. This can be avoided by PEGylation (nanoparticles surface modified with PEG) (Guo and Huang 2011). In this context chitosan can be used to prepare both nanoparticles and implants for parenteral drug delivery.

The water solubility and size of nanoparticles greatly influences its biodistribution after administration through IV route. The hydrophilic PEGylated nanoparticles with smaller size less than 100 nm can bypass phagocytosis carried out by macrophages. Howerver these nanoparticles are unable to penetrate into tissues easily. But the hydrophobic nanoparticles have the advantage in this regard (Guo and Huang 2011). The particle size more than 10 μm can avoid clogging of microvessels in our body and particle less than 100 nm can bypass reticuloendothelial systems (RES) in the spleen, lung, liver and bone marrow (Tiyaboonchai 2003). Doxorubicin incorporated chitosan nanoparticles were found to enhance drug distribution to the RES followed by reduction in systemic toxicity as well as cardiotoxicity after IV injection (Huo et al. 2010). In one research paclitaxel was successfully loaded into nanomicelles carrier made up of N-octyl-O-glycol chitosan (OGC). These micelles were having low critical micellar concentration (5.3–32.5 mg/L) in aqueous environment and the cutotoxicity studies revealed that paclitaxel loaded OGC micelles were having lower toxicity and better tolerated compared marketd injectable form of paclitaxel (Taxol ((R)) (Huo et al. 2010). In another study, paclitaxel was conjugated with trimethyl chitosan (TMC-paclitaxel) for both IV and oral administration. These amphillic conjugates into spherical nanoparticles with size ranges 170 nm wheres as folic acid modified TMC conjugates (folic acid-TMC-paclitaxel) demonstrated slightly higher size (187 nm) but it showed better in vivo antitumor efficacy compared to TMC-paclitaxel. In addition both types of conjugates demonstrated better in vivo tumor ratadation and survival rate compared to free paclitaxel after IV administration (He and Yin 2017). Different types of dosage forms with their compositions (drug and polymer) used in various drug delivery routes are presented in Table 6.1.Table 6.1Different types of dosage forms with their compositions (drug and polymer) used in various drug delivery routes

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